Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition characterised by persistently elevated pressure in the arteries. It is a significant health concern as it increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other complications. Understanding the nature of hypertension, its causes, and its symptoms is crucial for effective management and prevention.

What is Hypertension?

Hypertension occurs when the force of the blood against the artery walls is consistently too high. Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg) and recorded with two numbers: systolic pressure (the pressure when the heart beats) over diastolic pressure (the pressure when the heart rests between beats). A normal blood pressure reading is typically around 120/80 mm Hg. Hypertension is generally defined as having a sustained blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher.

Causes of Hypertension

The exact cause of hypertension often remains unknown, a condition termed primary hypertension. However, several factors contribute to its development:

• Genetics: A family history of hypertension increases the risk.
• Age: Blood pressure tends to rise with age.
• Lifestyle: Poor diet, excessive salt intake, lack of physical activity, and obesity are significant contributors.
• Stress: Chronic stress can lead to temporary spikes in blood pressure, which may eventually become sustained.
• Medical Conditions: Conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, and sleep apnoea can cause secondary hypertension.

Symptoms of Hypertension

Hypertension is often referred to as the “silent killer” because it typically has no noticeable symptoms until significant damage has occurred. However, some individuals may experience the following symptoms:

1. Headaches:

Persistent headaches, particularly in the morning, can be an early warning sign of high blood pressure.

2. Dizziness:

Frequent episodes of dizziness or feeling lightheaded may indicate hypertension.

3. Blurred Vision:

High blood pressure can cause damage to the blood vessels in the eyes, leading to vision problems.

4. Shortness of Breath:

Experiencing difficulty in breathing, especially during physical activity, can be a symptom.

5. Chest Pain:

Chest pain or discomfort could signal heart-related issues linked to hypertension.

6. Nosebleeds:

While not common, nosebleeds can occur in severe cases of hypertension.

Long-term Effects of Untreated Hypertension

If left unmanaged, hypertension can lead to serious health complications, including:

• Heart Disease: High blood pressure can cause the arteries to harden and narrow, leading to heart disease, heart attacks, and heart failure.
• Stroke: Hypertension is a leading risk factor for stroke, as it can cause blood vessels in the brain to burst or become blocked.
• Kidney Damage: The kidneys rely on healthy blood vessels to filter waste from the blood; hypertension can damage these vessels, leading to kidney disease.
• Vision Loss: Damage to the blood vessels in the eyes can result in vision loss or blindness.
• Metabolic Syndrome: Hypertension is often associated with other metabolic disorders, increasing the risk of diabetes and cholesterol problems.

Managing Hypertension

Effective management of hypertension involves lifestyle modifications and, in some cases, medication. Key strategies include:

• Diet: Adopting a heart-healthy diet, such as the DASH diet, which is low in salt, fat, and cholesterol.
• Exercise: Regular physical activity helps lower blood pressure and maintain a healthy weight.
• Stress Reduction: Techniques such as yoga, meditation, and deep breathing can help manage stress levels.
• Medication: In cases where lifestyle changes are insufficient, doctors may prescribe antihypertensive medications.

Understanding hypertension and its symptoms is essential for early detection and management. Regular check-ups, a healthy lifestyle, and adherence to medical advice are key to controlling high blood pressure and reducing the risk of serious health complications. If you suspect you have hypertension, consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalised treatment plan.